Final work
From Engineering Psychology:

Human Analyzers

Anara Yessenbayeva

Operator analyzers.

The most important component of an operator work in the system "man - machine" is a method of news information about object of management. Receiving signals of different modalities realizes by using analyzers (visual, acoustic, tactile, etc.). Increasing efficiency of person data receiving is made possible by the reaction of different analyzers.
The basic psychological processes involved in receiving information, are sensation, perception, representation and reasoning. Analysis of these processes, the disclosure of their nature and the laws are needed to address the problem of optimal building information model of the real situation. Receiving information the human-operator should be considered as the process of perceptual (sensory) image. It refers to a subjective reflection in the mind of man acting on his property of the object. Researches have done in the Psychology show us that the formation of perceptual image is a phase process. It includes several stages: detection, differentiation and identification. 
Detection - the stage of perception, in which the observer selects an object from the background, but still cannot judge its form and features.
Distinction - the stage of perception, in which the observer is able to perceive two objects separately, side by side (or two states of the same object), to provide details of objects.
Recognition - the stage of perception, in which the observer identifies the essential features of the object and assigns it to a certain class.
The duration of these stages depends on the complexity of the received signal. Knowing the sequence of distinguishing features of the dynamics of the signal and its image becoming important for the solution of engineering and psychological problems as the selection of optimal tracing characters, determining the number of rows in the TV image, the speed of signal transmission and frame in the projection display systems, etc. In this regard, there is also the problem of "immunity" of perception, i.e., human capabilities to restore the signals partially damaged by interferences.
Perception as a basis for process data received by the operator is characterized by properties such as integrity, sensibility, selectivity. The integrity of perception is the result of the analysis and synthesis of complex stimuli in the process of the operator work. Meaningful is that the perceived object belongs to a category.
Perception has also selectivity, which is predominant in the allocation of some objects than others. Selectivity of perception is an expression of a particular relationship to the operator exposure to objects and phenomena of the environment.
Constancy is the perception of the relative constancy of some of the perceived properties of objects as the conditions of perception. For example, when visual perception is a constancy of the color, size and shape of objects. Constancy of color perception is relative constancy of the visible color change in lighting. The relative constancy of the apparent size of objects in their different distance constancy is the perception of value. Constancy of form perception of objects is the relative constancy of form perception in the object position changes in relation to its line of sight of the operator. A constant perception associated with the perception of an object or objective situation as a whole.
The above properties of the perception is subject of interest for engineering psychology in the sense that they are not intrinsic properties of the perceptual image, they are formed in the process of its formation. This fact is of great importance for the proper construction of the display of information for the organization of vocational selection and training of operators.
The physiological basis of formation of perceptual image is a work of the analyzers. Analyzer is a nerve "instruments" through which a person carries out the analysis of stimuli. Each analyzer consists of three main parts: receptor, nerve pathways and centers in the cerebral cortex of the brain.
The main function of the receptor is the conversion of stimulus energy into a nerve process. Receptor inputs are adapted to receive signals of a certain modality (type) - light, sound, etc. However, it sends signals to the output, by its very nature common to any input of the nervous system. That’s why we can consider receptors as coding apparatus.
Conductive pathways transmit nerve impulses in the cerebral cortex. These impulses reach the cerebral cortex, there they go through certain treatments, and again returned to the receptors. Only in this process of interaction between receptors and the center ditch in the cerebral cortex is the formation of perceptual image occurs.
Human operator receives about 90% of all information through the visual analyzer. Vision allows us to perceive shape, color, brightness and movement of objects. 
The possibility of visual perception is determined by the energy, spatial, temporal, and informational characteristics of the signals to the operator. The combination of these characteristics and their numerical values ​​determine the visibility of the object (signal) to the eye. 
The energy characteristics of the visual analyzer are determined by the power (intensity) of light signals perceived by the eye. These include a range of brightness, contrast, and color vision.
The main information characteristic of the visual analyzer is throughput. The amount of information, which the analyzer is able to perceive at a time.
Spatial characteristics of the visual analyzer determined the perceived eye size of objects and their location in space. These include: visual acuity, field of view, the amount of visual perception.
In control systems much of the information supplied to the person in the form of audio signals. These signals reflect the feelings caused by the action of acoustic energy in the auditory analyzer. Auditory analyzer allows us to differentiate sound stimuli and to determine the direction of the sound, as well as the remoteness of its source. The source of the sound waves can be any process that causes a local change in pressure or mechanical stresses in the environment.
In the real world a person has to perceive sounds in a particular background. In this background can mask the desired signal, making it difficult to detect. In the design and construction of acoustic indicators the task of combating the effect of masking and find the optimal ratio of the intensity signal to noise intensity (background) is one of the most important.
In the construction of indicators connection between analyzers forming functional systems and the general conditions in which will work operator should be considered. Determining the best way to signalize about the managed objects, we must consider the possibility of the whole system of stimuli acting on all analyzers of operator. 
Interaction of analyzers is manifested primarily in the fact that the flow signal on one channel or change the state of a single analyzer under the influence of external factors lead to changes in the characteristics of other analyzers. Thus, the sensitivity of the visual analyzer can be changed under the influence of several factors. Loud sounds, tastes bitter, standing position, increased atmospheric pressure, irradiation of the skin with various rays reduce the sensitivity of peripheral vision. The sensitivity of the central vision is influenced by loud noises.
Rumor has advantages in the reception of continuous signals, vision - in the reception of digital. The reaction time for hearing is shorter than the light, but the shortest reaction to tactile stimulus. This property can be used to touch, signaling that require urgent action. Auditory and visual analyzers take the information at a distance from the source, and tactile - the direct impact. 
Human analyzers function as a single system. Holistic sensory reflection of objects and phenomena surrounding human, is formed by the interaction of analyzers.
The various types of operator work (work of air traffic operator, skipper, pilot, operator of control panel, etc.) communication is carried on the various sensory channels than is achieved by the expansion of sensory input.
It is important to note also that in the management process operator perceives not only signals from the instruments (instrumental signals), but the signals arising from the direct effects of various parameters of the controlled process (non-instrumental signals). For example, when control of the aircraft pilot perceives the vibration of the aircraft, changes in gravity, because his body is physically exposed to these influences. At the same time it monitors the parameters of the flight on the readings of instruments and instructions of the controller. There are involved in the several types of analyzers.
Usually the main channel, often visual, duplicated in the other channel. Simultaneous treatment of signals with different modalities carrying the same information can take place either during the whole period of receiving and processing information, or only at certain stages of the process. However, often the signals intended for reception of multiple analyzers are different in content information.
Application to transfer information to a person of signals of different modalities can be forced for technical reasons, but can be used specifically. The goal is to increase the efficiency of information processing, improve the reliability of data reception in her duplication, increase the amount of information in her presentation of the different sensory channels.

List of Literature

1. Справочник по инженерной психологии. / Под редакции Ломова Б.Ф. 1982, Mocsow.